If you listened to the financial media or investing press, you might get the mistaken impression that making money from buying stocks is a matter of “picking” the right stocks, trading rapidly, being glued to a computer screen or television set, and spending your days obsessing about what the Dow Jones Industrial Average or S&P 500 did recently. Nothing could be further from the truth.
In reality, the secret to making money from buying stocks and investing in bonds was summed up by the late father of value investing Benjamin Graham when he wrote, “The real money in investing will have to be made – as most of it has been in the past – not out of buying and selling, but out of owning and holding securities, receiving interest and dividends, and benefiting from their long-term increase in value.”
Investors today commonly refer to Graham’s strategy as “buying and holding”. To be more specific, as an investor in common stocks, you need to focus on total return and make a decision to invest for the long-term, which means at an absolute minimum, expecting to hold each new position for five years provided you’ve selected well-run companies with strong finances and a history of shareholder-friendly management practices.
As an example, we selected four popular stocks below to show you how their prices increased in five years.
High-profile investors like Warren Buffett and Charlie Munger have held onto stocks and businesses for 25+, even 50+ years to make the bulk of their money. And, other everyday investors have followed in their footsteps, taking small amounts of money and investing it longterm to amass tremendous wealth. Here are two noteworthy examples:
Retired IRS agent Anne Scheiber built her $22 million portfolio by investing $5,000 over 50 years;
Retired secretary Grace Groner built her $7 million stock portfolio with just three $60 shares in 1935.
Still, many new investors don’t understand the actual mechanics behind making money from stocks; where the wealth actually originates or how the entire process works.
We provide resources on some pretty advanced topics – financial statement analysis, financial ratios, capital gains tax strategies, just to name a few, but this is an important thing to clear up so grab a hot cup of coffee, get comfortable in your favorite reading chair, and let us walk you through a simplified version of how the whole picture fits together.
Purchasing Ownership in a Real Operating Businesses
When you buy a share of stock, you are buying a piece of a company. Imagine that Harrison Fudge Company, a fictional business, has sales of $10,000,000 and net income of $1,000,000. To raise money for expansion, the company’s founders approached an investment bank and had them sell stock to the public in an Initial Public Offering or IPO.
They might have said, “Okay, we don’t think your growth rate is great, so we are going to price this so that future investors will earn 9% on their investment plus whatever growth you generate … that works out to around $11,000,000+ value for the whole company ($11 million divided by $1 million net income = 9% return on initial investment).” Now, we’re going to assume that the founders sold out completely instead of issuing stock to the public
The underwriters could have said, “You know, we want the stock to sell for $25 per share because that seems affordable, so we are going to cut the company into 440,000 pieces, or shares of stock (440,000 shares x $25 = $11,000,000).”
That means that each “piece” or share of stock is entitled to $2.72 of the profit ($1,000,000 profit ÷ 440,000 shares outstanding = $2.72 per share). This figure is known as Basic EPS (short for earnings per share). In other words, when you buy a share of Harrison Fudge Company, you are buying the right to your pro-rata profits.
Were you to acquire 100 shares for $2,500, you would be buying $272 in annual profit plus whatever future growth (or losses) the company generated. If you thought that a new management could cause fudge sales to explode so that your pro-rata profits would be 5x higher in a few years, then this would be an extremely attractive investment.
How Much You Make Depends on How Your Capital Is Allocated
What muddies up the situation is that you don’t actually see that $2.72 in profit that belongs to you. Instead, management and the Board of Directors have a few options available to them, which will determine the success of your holdings to a large degree:
It can send you a cash dividend for some portion or the entirety of your profit. This is one way to “return capital to shareholders.” You could either use this cash to buy more shares or go spend it any way you see fit.
It can repurchase shares on the open market and destroy them.
It can reinvest the funds into future growth by building more factories, stores, hiring more employees, increasing advertising, or any number of additional capital expenditures that are expected to increase profits. Sometimes, this may include seeking out acquisitions and mergers.
It can strengthen the balance sheet by reducing debt or building up liquid assets.
Which is best for you as an owner? That depends entirely on the rate of return management can earn by reinvesting your money. If you have a phenomenal business – think Microsoft or Wal-Mart in the early days when they were both a tiny fraction of their current size – paying out any cash dividend is likely to be a mistake because those funds could be reinvested at a high rate.
There were actually times during the first decade after Wal-Mart went public that it earned more than 60% on shareholder equity. That’s unbelievable. Those kinds of returns typically only exist in fairy tales yet, under the direction of Sam Walton, the Bentonville-based retailer was able to pull it off and make a lot of associates, truck drivers, and outside shareholders rich in the process.
Berkshire Hathaway pays out no cash dividends while U.S. Bancorp has resolved to return more than 80% of capital to shareholders in the form of dividends and stock buybacks each year. Despite these differences, they both have the potential to be very attractive holdings at the right price (and particularly if you pay attention to asset placement) provided they trade at the right price; e.g., a reasonable dividend-adjusted PEG ratio.
Any Money You Make Comes Down to a Handful of Components
Now that you see this, it’s easy to understand that your wealth is built primarily from:
An increase in share price. Over the long-term, this is the result of the market valuing the increased profits as a result of expansion in the business or share repurchases, which make each share represent greater ownership in the business. In other words, if a business with a $10 stock price grew 20% for 10 years through a combination of expansion and share repurchases, it should be nearly $620 per share within a decade as a result of these forces assuming Wall Street maintains the same price-to-earnings ratio.
Dividends. When earnings are paid out to you in the form of dividends, you actually receive cash via a check in the mail, a direct deposit into your brokerage account, checking account, or savings account, or in the form of additional shares reinvested on your behalf.
Alternatively, you can donate, spend, or pile these dividends up in cash.
Occasionally, during market bubbles, you may have the opportunity to make a profit by selling to someone for more than the company is worth. In the long-run, however, the investor’s returns are inextricably bound to the underlying profits generated by the operations of the businesses which he or she owns.
The Balance does not provide tax, investment, or financial services and advice. The information is being presented without consideration of the investment objectives, risk tolerance, or financial circumstances of any specific investor and might not be suitable for all investors. Past performance is not indicative of future results. Investing involves risk including the possible loss of principal.
